define manual page - TclOO Commands

package require tcl::oo

oo::define class defScript
oo::define class subcommand arg ?arg ...?
oo::objdefine object defScript
oo::objdefine object subcommand arg ?arg ...?

oo::Slot arg...

CLASS HIERARCHY

oo::object
→ oo::Slot

DESCRIPTION

The oo::define command is used to control the configuration of classes, and the oo::objdefine command is used to control the configuration of objects (including classes as instance objects), with the configuration being applied to the entity named in the class or the object argument. Configuring a class also updates the configuration of all subclasses of the class and all objects that are instances of that class or which mix it in (as modified by any per-instance configuration). The way in which the configuration is done is controlled by either the defScript argument or by the subcommand and following arg arguments; when the second is present, it is exactly as if all the arguments from subcommand onwards are made into a list and that list is used as the defScript argument.

Note that the constructor for oo::class will call oo::define on the script argument that it is provided. This is a convenient way to create and define a class in one step.

CONFIGURING CLASSES

The following commands are supported in the defScript for oo::define, each of which may also be used in the subcommand form:

classmethod name ?argList bodyScrip?

This creates a class method, or (if argList and bodyScript are omitted) promotes an existing method on the class object to be a class method. The name, argList and bodyScript arguments are as in the method definition, below.

Class methods can be called on either the class itself or on the instances of that class. When they are called, the current object (see the sel and my commands) is the class on which they are called or the class of the instance on which they are called, depending on whether they are called on the class or an instance of the class, respectively. If called on a subclass or instance of the subclass, the current object is the subclass.

In a private definition context, the methods as invoked on classes are not private, but the methods as invoked on instances of classes are private.

constructor argList bodyScript

This creates or updates the constructor for a class. The formal arguments to the constructor (defined using the same format as for the Tcl proc command) will be argList, and the body of the constructor will be bodyScript. When the body of the constructor is evaluated, the current namespace of the constructor will be a namespace that is unique to the object being constructed. Within the constructor, the next command should be used to call the superclasses' constructors. If bodyScript is the empty string, the constructor will be deleted.

Classes do not need to have a constructor defined. If none is specified, the superclass's constructor will be used instead.

destructor bodyScript

This creates or updates the destructor for a class. Destructors take no arguments, and the body of the destructor will be bodyScript. The destructor is called when objects of the class are deleted, and when called will have the object's unique namespace as the current namespace. Destructors should use the next command to call the superclasses' destructors. Note that destructors are not called in all situations (e.g. if the interpreter is destroyed). If bodyScript is the empty string, the destructor will be deleted.

Note that errors during the evaluation of a destructor are not returned to the code that causes the destruction of an object. Instead, they are passed to the currently-defined bgerror handler.

export name ?name ...?

This arranges for each of the named methods, name, to be exported (i.e. usable outside an instance through the instance object's command) by the class being defined. Note that the methods themselves may be actually defined by a superclass; subclass exports override superclass visibility, and may in turn be overridden by instances.

forward name cmdName ?arg ...?

This creates or updates a forwarded method called name. The method is defined be forwarded to the command called cmdName, with additional arguments, arg etc., added before those arguments specified by the caller of the method. The cmdName will always be resolved using the rules of the invoking objects' namespaces, i.e., when cmdName is not fully-qualified, the command will be searched for in each object's namespace, using the instances' namespace's path, or by looking in the global namespace. The method will be exported if name starts with a lower-case letter, and non-exported otherwise.

If in a private definition context (see the private definition command, below), this command creates private forwarded methods.

initialise script

initialize script

This evaluates script in a context which supports local variables and where the current namespace is the instance namespace of the class object itself. This is useful for setting up, e.g., class-scoped variables.

method name ?option? argList bodyScript

This creates or updates a method that is implemented as a procedure-like script. The name of the method is name, the formal arguments to the method (defined using the same format as for the Tcl proc command) will be argList, and the body of the method will be bodyScript. When the body of the method is evaluated, the current namespace of the method will be a namespace that is unique to the current object. The method will be exported if name starts with a lower-case letter, and non-exported otherwise; this behavior can be overridden via export and unexport or by specifying -export, -private or -unexport in the optional parameter option.

If in a private definition context (see the private definition command, below) or if the -private flag is given for option, this command creates private procedure-like methods.

private cmd arg...

private script

This evaluates the script (or the list of command and arguments given by cmd and args) in a context where the definitions made on the current class will be private definitions.

The following class definition commands are affected by private: forward, method, self, and variable. Nesting private inside private has no cumulative effect; the innermost definition context is just a private definition context. All other definition commands have no difference in behavior when used in a private definition context.

self subcommand arg ...

self script

self

This command is equivalent to calling oo::objdefine on the class being defined (see CONFIGURING OBJECTS below for a description of the supported values of subcommand). It follows the same general pattern of argument handling as the oo::define and oo::objdefine commands, and “oo::define cls self subcommand ...” operates identically to “oo::objdefine cls subcommand ...”.

If no arguments at all are used, this gives the name of the class currently being configured. If in a private definition context (see the private definition command, below), the definitions on the class object will also be made in a private definition context.

superclass ?-slotOperation? ?className ...?

This slot (see SLOTTED DEFINITIONS below) allows the alteration of the superclasses of the class being defined. Each className argument names one class that is to be a superclass of the defined class. Note that objects must not be changed from being classes to being non-classes or vice-versa, that an empty parent class is equivalent to oo::object, and that the parent classes of oo::object and oo::class may not be modified. By default, this slot works by replacement.

unexport name ?name ...?

This arranges for each of the named methods, name, to be not exported (i.e. not usable outside the instance through the instance object's command, but instead just through the my command visible in each object's context) by the class being defined. Note that the methods themselves may be actually defined by a superclass; subclass unexports override superclass visibility, and may be overridden by instance unexports.

variable ?-slotOperation? ?name ...?

This slot (see SLOTTED DEFINITIONS below) arranges for each of the named variables to be automatically made available in the methods, constructor and destructor declared by the class being defined. Each variable name must not have any namespace separators and must not look like an array access. All variables will be actually present in the namespace of the instance object on which the method is executed. Note that the variable lists declared by a superclass or subclass are completely disjoint, as are variable lists declared by instances; the list of variable names is just for methods (and constructors and destructors) declared by this class. By default, this slot works by appending.

If in a private definition context (see the private definition command, below), this slot manipulates the list of private variable bindings for this class. In a private variable binding, the name of the variable within the instance object is different to the name given in the definition; the name used in the definition is the name that you use to access the variable within the methods of this class, and the name of the variable in the instance namespace has a unique prefix that makes accidental use from other classes extremely unlikely.

ADVANCED CLASS CONFIGURATION OPTIONS

The following definitions are also supported, but are not required in simple programs:

definitionnamespace ?kind? namespaceName

This allows control over what namespace will be used by the oo::define and oo::objdefine commands to look up the definition commands they use. When any object has a definition operation applied to it, the class that it is an instance of (and its superclasses and mixins) is consulted for what definition namespace to use. oo::define gets the class definition namespace, and ::oo::objdefine gets the instance definition namespace, but both otherwise use the identical lookup operation.

This sets the definition namespace of kind kind provided by the current class to namespaceName. The namespaceName must refer to a currently existing namespace, or must be the empty string (to stop the current class from having such a namespace connected). The kind, if supplied, must be either -class (the default) or -instance to specify the whether the namespace for use with oo::define or oo::objdefine respectively is being set.

The class oo::object has its instance namespace locked to ::oo::objdefine, and the class oo::class has its class namespace locked to ::oo::define. A consequence of this is that effective use of this feature for classes requires the definition of a metaclass.

deletemethod name ?name ...?

This deletes each of the methods called name from a class. The methods must have previously existed in that class. Does not affect the superclasses of the class, nor does it affect the subclasses or instances of the class (except when they have a call chain through the class being modified) or the class object itself.

filter ?-slotOperation? ?methodName ...?

This slot (see SLOTTED DEFINITIONS below) sets or updates the list of method names that are used to guard whether method call to instances of the class may be called and what the method's results are. Each methodName names a single filtering method (which may be exposed or not exposed); it is not an error for a non-existent method to be named since they may be defined by subclasses. By default, this slot works by appending.

mixin ?-slotOperation? ?className ...?

This slot (see SLOTTED DEFINITIONS below) sets or updates the list of additional classes that are to be mixed into all the instances of the class being defined. Each className argument names a single class that is to be mixed in. By default, this slot works by replacement.

renamemethod fromName toName

This renames the method called fromName in a class to toName. The method must have previously existed in the class, and toName must not previously refer to a method in that class. Does not affect the superclasses of the class, nor does it affect the subclasses or instances of the class (except when they have a call chain through the class being modified), or the class object itself. Does not change the export status of the method; if it was exported before, it will be afterwards.

CONFIGURING OBJECTS

The following commands are supported in the defScript for oo::objdefine, each of which may also be used in the subcommand form:

export name ?name ...?

This arranges for each of the named methods, name, to be exported (i.e. usable outside the object through the object's command) by the object being defined. Note that the methods themselves may be actually defined by a class or superclass; object exports override class visibility.

forward name cmdName ?arg ...?

This creates or updates a forwarded object method called name. The method is defined be forwarded to the command called cmdName, with additional arguments, arg etc., added before those arguments specified by the caller of the method. Forwarded methods should be deleted using the method subcommand. The method will be exported if name starts with a lower-case letter, and non-exported otherwise.

If in a private definition context (see the private definition command, below), this command creates private forwarded methods.

method name ?option? argList bodyScript

This creates, updates or deletes an object method. The name of the method is name, the formal arguments to the method (defined using the same format as for the Tcl proc command) will be argList, and the body of the method will be bodyScript. When the body of the method is evaluated, the current namespace of the method will be a namespace that is unique to the object. The method will be exported if name starts with a lower-case letter, and non-exported otherwise; this can be overridden by specifying -export, -private or -unexport in the optional parameter option, or via the export and unexport definitions.

If in a private definition context (see the private definition command, below) or if the -private flag is given for option, this command creates private procedure-like methods.

mixin ?-slotOperation? ?className ...?

This slot (see SLOTTED DEFINITIONS below) sets or updates a per-object list of additional classes that are to be mixed into the object. Each argument, className, names a single class that is to be mixed in. By default, this slot works by replacement.

private cmd arg...

private script

This evaluates the script (or the list of command and arguments given by cmd and args) in a context where the definitions made on the current object will be private definitions.

The following class definition commands are affected by private: forward, method, and variable. Nesting private inside private has no cumulative effect; the innermost definition context is just a private definition context. All other definition commands have no difference in behavior when used in a private definition context.

unexport name ?name ...?

This arranges for each of the named methods, name, to be not exported (i.e. not usable outside the object through the object's command, but instead just through the my command visible in the object's context) by the object being defined. Note that the methods themselves may be actually defined by a class; instance unexports override class visibility.

variable ?-slotOperation? ?name ...?

This slot (see SLOTTED DEFINITIONS below) arranges for each of the named variables to be automatically made available in the methods declared by the object being defined. Each variable name must not have any namespace separators and must not look like an array access. All variables will be actually present in the namespace of the object on which the method is executed. Note that the variable lists declared by the classes and mixins of which the object is an instance are completely disjoint; the list of variable names is just for methods declared by this object. By default, this slot works by appending.

If in a private definition context (see the private definition command, below), this slot manipulates the list of private variable bindings for this object. In a private variable binding, the name of the variable within the instance object is different to the name given in the definition; the name used in the definition is the name that you use to access the variable within the methods of this instance object, and the name of the variable in the instance namespace has a unique prefix that makes accidental use from superclass methods extremely unlikely.

ADVANCED OBJECT CONFIGURATION OPTIONS

The following definitions are also supported, but are not required in simple programs:

class className: This allows the class of an object to be changed after creation. Note that the class's constructors are not called when this is done, and so the object may well be in an inconsistent state unless additional configuration work is done.
deletemethod name ?name ...: This deletes each of the methods called name from an object. The methods must have previously existed in that object (e.g., because it was created through oo::objdefine method). Does not affect the classes that the object is an instance of, or remove the exposure of those class-provided methods in the instance of that class.
filter ?-slotOperation? ?methodName ...?: This slot (see SLOTTED DEFINITIONS below) sets or updates the list of method names that are used to guard whether a method call to the object may be called and what the method's results are. Each methodName names a single filtering method (which may be exposed or not exposed); it is not an error for a non-existent method to be named. Note that the actual list of filters also depends on the filters set upon any classes that the object is an instance of. By default, this slot works by appending.
renamemethod fromName toName: This renames the method called fromName in an object to toName. The method must have previously existed in the object, and toName must not previously refer to a method in that object. Does not affect the classes that the object is an instance of and cannot rename in an instance object the methods provided by those classes (though a oo::objdefine forwarded method may provide an equivalent capability). Does not change the export status of the method; if it was exported before, it will be afterwards.
self: This gives the name of the object currently being configured.

PRIVATE METHODS

When a class or instance has a private method, that private method can only be invoked from within methods of that class or instance. Other callers of the object's methods cannot invoke private methods, it is as if the private methods do not exist. However, a private method of a class can be invoked from the class's methods when those methods are being used on another instance object; this means that a class can use them to coordinate behaviour between several instances of itself without interfering with how other classes (especially either subclasses or superclasses) interact. Private methods precede all mixed in classes in the method call order (as reported by self call).

SLOTTED DEFINITIONS

Some of the configurable definitions of a class or object are slotted definitions. This means that the configuration is implemented by a slot object, that is an instance of the class oo::Slot, which manages a list of values (class names, variable names, etc.) that comprises the contents of the slot.

The oo::Slot class defines six operations (as methods) that may be done on the slot:

slot -append ?member ...?: This appends the given member elements to the slot definition.
slot -appendifnew ?member ...?: This appends the given member elements to the slot definition if they do not already exist.
slot -clear: This sets the slot definition to the empty list.
slot -prepend ?member ...?: This prepends the given member elements to the slot definition.
slot -remove ?member ...?: This removes the given member elements from the slot definition.
slot -set ?member ...?: This replaces the slot definition with the given member elements.

A consequence of this is that any use of a slot's default operation where the first member argument begins with a hyphen will be an error. One of the above operations should be used explicitly in those circumstances.

You only need to make an instance of oo::Slot if you are definining your own slot that behaves like a standard slot.

SLOT IMPLEMENTATION

Internally, slot objects also define a method --default-operation which is forwarded to the default operation of the slot (thus, for the class “variable” slot, this is forwarded to “my -append”), and these methods which provide the implementation interface:

slot Get

Returns a list that is the current contents of the slot, but does not modify the slot. This method must always be called from a stack frame created by a call to oo::define or oo::objdefine. This method should not return an error unless it is called from outside a definition context or with the wrong number of arguments.

The elements of the list should be fully resolved, if that is a meaningful concept to the slot.

slot Resolve slotElement

Returns slotElement with a resolution operation applied to it, but does not modify the slot. For slots of simple strings, this is an operation that does nothing, whereas for slots of classes, this maps a class name to its fully-qualified class name. This method must always be called from a stack frame created by a call to oo::define or oo::objdefine. This method should not return an error unless it is called from outside a definition context or with the wrong number of arguments; unresolvable arguments should be returned as is (as not all slot operations strictly require that values are resolvable to work).

Implementations should not enforce uniqueness and ordering constraints in this method; that is the responsibility of the Set method.

slot Resolve element

This converts an element of the slotted collection into its resolved form; for a simple value, it could just return the value, but for a slot that contains references to commands or classes it should convert those into their fully-qualified forms (so they can be compared with string equals): that could be done by forwarding to namespace which or similar.

slot Set elementList

Sets the contents of the slot to the list elementList and returns the empty string. This method must always be called from a stack frame created by a call to oo::define or oo::objdefine. This method may return an error if it rejects the change to the slot contents (e.g., because of invalid values) as well as if it is called from outside a definition context or with the wrong number of arguments.

This method may reorder and filter the elements if this is necessary in order to satisfy the underlying constraints of the slot. (For example, slots of classes enforce a uniqueness constraint that places each element in the earliest location in the slot that it can.)

The implementation of these methods is slot-dependent (and responsible for accessing the correct part of the class or object definition). Slots also have an unknown method handler to tie all these pieces together, and they hide their destroy method so that it is not invoked inadvertently. It is recommended that any user changes to the slot mechanism itself be restricted to defining new operations whose names start with a hyphen.

Note that slot instances are not expected to contain the storage for the slot they manage; that will be in or attached to the class or object that they manage. Those instances should provide their own implementations of the Get and Set methods (and optionally Resolve; that defaults to a do-nothing pass-through).

Most slot operations will initially Resolve their argument list, combine it with the results of the Get method, and then Set the result. Some operations omit one or both of the first two steps; omitting the third would result in an idempotent read-only operation (but the standard mechanism for reading from slots is via info class and info object).

EXAMPLES

This example demonstrates how to use both forms of the oo::define and oo::objdefine commands (they work in the same way), as well as illustrating four of their subcommands.

oo::class create c
c create o
oo::define c method foo {} {
    puts "world"
}
oo::objdefine o {
    method bar {} {
        my Foo "hello "
        my foo
    }
    forward Foo ::puts -nonewline
    unexport foo
}
o bar                → prints "hello world"
o foo                → error "unknown method foo"
o Foo Bar            → error "unknown method Foo"
oo::objdefine o renamemethod bar lollipop
o lollipop           → prints "hello world"

This example shows how additional classes can be mixed into an object. It also shows how mixin is a slot that supports appending:

oo::object create inst
inst m1              → error "unknown method m1"
inst m2              → error "unknown method m2"

oo::class create A {
    method m1 {} {
        puts "red brick"
    }
}
oo::objdefine inst {
    mixin A
}
inst m1              → prints "red brick"
inst m2              → error "unknown method m2"

oo::class create B {
    method m2 {} {
        puts "blue brick"
    }
}
oo::objdefine inst {
    mixin -append B
}
inst m1              → prints "red brick"
inst m2              → prints "blue brick"

This example shows how to create and use class variables. It is a class that counts how many instances of itself have been made.

oo::class create Counted
oo::define Counted {
    initialise {
        variable count 0
    }

    variable number
    constructor {} {
        classvariable count
        set number [incr count]
    }

    method report {} {
        classvariable count
        puts "This is instance $number of $count"
    }
}

set a [Counted new]
set b [Counted new]
$a report
        → This is instance 1 of 2
set c [Counted new]
$b report
        → This is instance 2 of 3
$c report
        → This is instance 3 of 3

This example demonstrates how to use class methods. (Note that the constructor for oo::class calls oo::define on the class.)

oo::class create DBTable {
    classmethod find {description} {
        puts "DB: locate row from [self] matching $description"
        return [my new]
    }
    classmethod insert {description} {
        puts "DB: create row in [self] matching $description"
        return [my new]
    }
    method update {description} {
        puts "DB: update row [self] with $description"
    }
    method delete {} {
        puts "DB: delete row [self]"
        my destroy; # Just delete the object, not the DB row
    }
}

oo::class create Users {
    superclass DBTable
}
oo::class create Groups {
    superclass DBTable
}

set u1 [Users insert "username=abc"]
        → DB: create row from ::Users matching username=abc
set u2 [Users insert "username=def"]
        → DB: create row from ::Users matching username=def
$u2 update "group=NULL"
        → DB: update row ::oo::Obj124 with group=NULL
$u1 delete
        → DB: delete row ::oo::Obj123
set g [Group find "groupname=webadmins"]
        → DB: locate row ::Group with groupname=webadmins
$g update "emailaddress=admins"
        → DB: update row ::oo::Obj125 with emailaddress=admins

This example shows how to make a custom definition for a class. Note that it explicitly includes delegation to the existing definition commands via namespace path.

namespace eval myDefinitions {
    # Delegate to existing definitions where not overridden
    namespace path ::oo::define

    # A custom type of method
    proc exprmethod {name arguments body} {
        tailcall method $name $arguments [list expr $body]
    }

    # A custom way of building a constructor
    proc parameters args {
        uplevel 1 [list variable {*}$args]
        set body [join [lmap a $args {
            string map [list VAR $a] {
                set [my varname VAR] [expr {double($VAR)}]
            }
        }] ";"]
        tailcall constructor $args $body
    }
}

# Bind the namespace into a (very simple) metaclass for use
oo::class create exprclass {
    superclass oo::class
    definitionnamespace myDefinitions
}

# Use the custom definitions
exprclass create quadratic {
    parameters a b c
    exprmethod evaluate {x} {
        ($a * $x**2) + ($b * $x) + $c
    }
}

# Showing the resulting class and object in action
quadratic create quad 1 2 3
for {set x 0} {$x <= 4} {incr x} {
    puts [format "quad(%d) = %.2f" $x [quad evaluate $x]]
}
        → quad(0) = 3.00
        → quad(1) = 6.00
        → quad(2) = 11.00
        → quad(3) = 18.00
        → quad(4) = 27.00

KEYWORDS

class, definition, method, object, slot