The procedures in this manual entry are the building blocks out of which the Tcl event notifier is constructed. The event notifier is the lowest layer in the Tcl event mechanism. It consists of three things:
Most Tcl applications need not worry about any of the internals of the Tcl notifier. However, the notifier now has enough flexibility to be retargeted either for a new platform or to use an external event loop (such as the Motif event loop, when Tcl is embedded in a Motif application). The procedures Tcl_WaitForEvent and Tcl_SetTimer are normally implemented by Tcl, but may be replaced with new versions to retarget the notifier (the Tcl_InitNotifier, Tcl_AlertNotifier, Tcl_FinalizeNotifier, Tcl_Sleep, Tcl_CreateFileHandler, and Tcl_DeleteFileHandler must also be replaced; see CREATING A NEW NOTIFIER below for details). The procedures Tcl_ServiceAll, Tcl_ServiceEvent, Tcl_GetServiceMode, and Tcl_SetServiceMode are provided to help connect Tcl's event loop to an external event loop such as Motif's.
The procedure Tcl_CreateEventSource creates a new event source. Its arguments specify the setup procedure and check procedure for the event source. SetupProc should match the following prototype:
typedef void Tcl_EventSetupProc(
ClientData clientData,
int flags);
The clientData argument will be the same as the clientData argument to Tcl_CreateEventSource; it is typically used to point to private information managed by the event source. The flags argument will be the same as the flags argument passed to Tcl_DoOneEvent except that it will never be 0 (Tcl_DoOneEvent replaces 0 with TCL_ALL_EVENTS). Flags indicates what kinds of events should be considered; if the bit corresponding to this event source is not set, the event source should return immediately without doing anything. For example, the file event source checks for the TCL_FILE_EVENTS bit.
SetupProc's job is to make sure that the application wakes up when events of the desired type occur. This is typically done in a platform-dependent fashion. For example, under Unix an event source might call Tcl_CreateFileHandler; under Windows it might request notification with a Windows event. For timer-driven event sources such as timer events or any polled event, the event source can call Tcl_SetMaxBlockTime to force the application to wake up after a specified time even if no events have occurred. If no event source calls Tcl_SetMaxBlockTime then Tcl_WaitForEvent will wait as long as necessary for an event to occur; otherwise, it will only wait as long as the shortest interval passed to Tcl_SetMaxBlockTime by one of the event sources. If an event source knows that it already has events ready to report, it can request a zero maximum block time. For example, the setup procedure for the X event source looks to see if there are events already queued. If there are, it calls Tcl_SetMaxBlockTime with a 0 block time so that Tcl_WaitForEvent does not block if there is no new data on the X connection. The timePtr argument to Tcl_WaitForEvent points to a structure that describes a time interval in seconds and microseconds:
typedef struct Tcl_Time {
long sec;
long usec;
} Tcl_Time;
The usec field should be less than 1000000.
Information provided to Tcl_SetMaxBlockTime is only used for the next call to Tcl_WaitForEvent; it is discarded after Tcl_WaitForEvent returns. The next time an event wait is done each of the event sources' setup procedures will be called again, and they can specify new information for that event wait.
If the application uses an external event loop rather than Tcl_DoOneEvent, the event sources may need to call Tcl_SetMaxBlockTime at other times. For example, if a new event handler is registered that needs to poll for events, the event source may call Tcl_SetMaxBlockTime to set the block time to zero to force the external event loop to call Tcl. In this case, Tcl_SetMaxBlockTime invokes Tcl_SetTimer with the shortest interval seen since the last call to Tcl_DoOneEvent or Tcl_ServiceAll.
In addition to the generic procedure Tcl_SetMaxBlockTime, other platform-specific procedures may also be available for setupProc, if there is additional information needed by Tcl_WaitForEvent on that platform. For example, on Unix systems the Tcl_CreateFileHandler interface can be used to wait for file events.
The second procedure provided by each event source is its check procedure, indicated by the checkProc argument to Tcl_CreateEventSource. CheckProc must match the following prototype:
typedef void Tcl_EventCheckProc(
ClientData clientData,
int flags);
The arguments to this procedure are the same as those for setupProc. CheckProc is invoked by Tcl_DoOneEvent after it has waited for events. Presumably at least one event source is now prepared to queue an event. Tcl_DoOneEvent calls each of the event sources in turn, so they all have a chance to queue any events that are ready. The check procedure does two things. First, it must see if any events have triggered. Different event sources do this in different ways.
If an event source's check procedure detects an interesting event, it must add the event to Tcl's event queue. To do this, the event source calls Tcl_QueueEvent. The evPtr argument is a pointer to a dynamically allocated structure containing the event (see below for more information on memory management issues). Each event source can define its own event structure with whatever information is relevant to that event source. However, the first element of the structure must be a structure of type Tcl_Event, and the address of this structure is used when communicating between the event source and the rest of the notifier. A Tcl_Event has the following definition:
typedef struct {
Tcl_EventProc *proc;
struct Tcl_Event *nextPtr;
} Tcl_Event;
The event source must fill in the proc field of the event before calling Tcl_QueueEvent. The nextPtr is used to link together the events in the queue and should not be modified by the event source.
An event may be added to the queue at any of three positions, depending on the position argument to Tcl_QueueEvent:
When it is time to handle an event from the queue (steps 1 and 4 above) Tcl_ServiceEvent will invoke the proc specified in the first queued Tcl_Event structure. Proc must match the following prototype:
typedef int Tcl_EventProc(
Tcl_Event *evPtr,
int flags);
The first argument to proc is a pointer to the event, which will be the same as the first argument to the Tcl_QueueEvent call that added the event to the queue. The second argument to proc is the flags argument for the current call to Tcl_ServiceEvent; this is used by the event source to return immediately if its events are not relevant.
It is up to proc to handle the event, typically by invoking one or more Tcl commands or C-level callbacks. Once the event source has finished handling the event it returns 1 to indicate that the event can be removed from the queue. If for some reason the event source decides that the event cannot be handled at this time, it may return 0 to indicate that the event should be deferred for processing later; in this case Tcl_ServiceEvent will go on to the next event in the queue and attempt to service it. There are several reasons why an event source might defer an event. One possibility is that events of this type are excluded by the flags argument. For example, the file event source will always return 0 if the TCL_FILE_EVENTS bit is not set in flags. Another example of deferring events happens in Tk if Tk_RestrictEvents has been invoked to defer certain kinds of window events.
When proc returns 1, Tcl_ServiceEvent will remove the event from the event queue and free its storage. Note that the storage for an event must be allocated by the event source (using Tcl_Alloc or the Tcl macro ckalloc) before calling Tcl_QueueEvent, but it will be freed by Tcl_ServiceEvent, not by the event source.
Calling Tcl_QueueEvent adds an event to the current thread's queue. To add an event to another thread's queue, use Tcl_ThreadQueueEvent. Tcl_ThreadQueueEvent accepts as an argument a Tcl_ThreadId argument, which uniquely identifies a thread in a Tcl application. To obtain the Tcl_ThreadId for the current thread, use the Tcl_GetCurrentThread procedure. (A thread would then need to pass this identifier to other threads for those threads to be able to add events to its queue.) After adding an event to another thread's queue, you then typically need to call Tcl_ThreadAlert to “wake up” that thread's notifier to alert it to the new event.
Tcl_DeleteEvents can be used to explicitly remove one or more events from the event queue. Tcl_DeleteEvents calls proc for each event in the queue, deleting those for with the procedure returns 1. Events for which the procedure returns 0 are left in the queue. Proc should match the following prototype:
typedef int Tcl_EventDeleteProc(
Tcl_Event *evPtr,
ClientData clientData);
The clientData argument will be the same as the clientData argument to Tcl_DeleteEvents; it is typically used to point to private information managed by the event source. The evPtr will point to the next event in the queue.
Tcl_DeleteEventSource deletes an event source. The setupProc, checkProc, and clientData arguments must exactly match those provided to the Tcl_CreateEventSource for the event source to be deleted. If no such source exists, Tcl_DeleteEventSource has no effect.
Tcl_InitNotifier initializes the notifier state and returns a handle to the notifier state. Tcl calls this procedure when initializing a Tcl interpreter. Similarly, Tcl_FinalizeNotifier shuts down the notifier, and is called by Tcl_Finalize when shutting down a Tcl interpreter.
Tcl_WaitForEvent is the lowest-level procedure in the notifier; it is responsible for waiting for an “interesting” event to occur or for a given time to elapse. Before Tcl_WaitForEvent is invoked, each of the event sources' setup procedure will have been invoked. The timePtr argument to Tcl_WaitForEvent gives the maximum time to block for an event, based on calls to Tcl_SetMaxBlockTime made by setup procedures and on other information (such as the TCL_DONT_WAIT bit in flags).
Ideally, Tcl_WaitForEvent should only wait for an event to occur; it should not actually process the event in any way. Later on, the event sources will process the raw events and create Tcl_Events on the event queue in their checkProc procedures. However, on some platforms (such as Windows) this is not possible; events may be processed in Tcl_WaitForEvent, including queuing Tcl_Events and more (for example, callbacks for native widgets may be invoked). The return value from Tcl_WaitForEvent must be either 0, 1, or -1. On platforms such as Windows where events get processed in Tcl_WaitForEvent, a return value of 1 means that there may be more events still pending that have not been processed. This is a sign to the caller that it must call Tcl_WaitForEvent again if it wants all pending events to be processed. A 0 return value means that calling Tcl_WaitForEvent again will not have any effect: either this is a platform where Tcl_WaitForEvent only waits without doing any event processing, or Tcl_WaitForEvent knows for sure that there are no additional events to process (e.g. it returned because the time elapsed). Finally, a return value of -1 means that the event loop is no longer operational and the application should probably unwind and terminate. Under Windows this happens when a WM_QUIT message is received; under Unix it happens when Tcl_WaitForEvent would have waited forever because there were no active event sources and the timeout was infinite.
Tcl_AlertNotifier is used to allow any thread to “wake up” the notifier to alert it to new events on its queue. Tcl_AlertNotifier requires as an argument the notifier handle returned by Tcl_InitNotifier.
If the notifier will be used with an external event loop, then it must also support the Tcl_SetTimer interface. Tcl_SetTimer is invoked by Tcl_SetMaxBlockTime whenever the maximum blocking time has been reduced. Tcl_SetTimer should arrange for the external event loop to invoke Tcl_ServiceAll after the specified interval even if no events have occurred. This interface is needed because Tcl_WaitForEvent is not invoked when there is an external event loop. If the notifier will only be used from Tcl_DoOneEvent, then Tcl_SetTimer need not do anything.
Tcl_ServiceModeHook is called by the platform-independent portion of the notifier when client code makes a call to Tcl_SetServiceMode. This hook is provided to support operating systems that require special event handling when the application is in a modal loop (the Windows notifier, for instance, uses this hook to create a communication window).
On Unix systems, the file event source also needs support from the notifier. The file event source consists of the Tcl_CreateFileHandler and Tcl_DeleteFileHandler procedures, which are described in the Tcl_CreateFileHandler manual page.
The Tcl_Sleep and Tcl_DoOneEvent interfaces are described in their respective manual pages.
The easiest way to create a new notifier is to look at the code for an existing notifier, such as the files unix/tclUnixNotfy.c or win/tclWinNotify.c in the Tcl source distribution.
To do this, the extension makes a call to Tcl_SetNotifier passing a pointer to a Tcl_NotifierProcs data structure. The structure has the following layout:
typedef struct Tcl_NotifierProcs {
Tcl_SetTimerProc *setTimerProc;
Tcl_WaitForEventProc *waitForEventProc;
Tcl_CreateFileHandlerProc *createFileHandlerProc;
Tcl_DeleteFileHandlerProc *deleteFileHandlerProc;
Tcl_InitNotifierProc *initNotifierProc;
Tcl_FinalizeNotifierProc *finalizeNotifierProc;
Tcl_AlertNotifierProc *alertNotifierProc;
Tcl_ServiceModeHookProc *serviceModeHookProc;
} Tcl_NotifierProcs;
Following the call to Tcl_SetNotifier, the pointers given in the Tcl_NotifierProcs structure replace whatever notifier had been installed in the process.
It is extraordinarily unwise to replace a running notifier. Normally, Tcl_SetNotifier should be called at process initialization time before the first call to Tcl_InitNotifier.
Because the external event loop is not calling Tcl_DoOneEvent on a regular basis, it is up to the notifier to arrange for Tcl_ServiceEvent to be called whenever events are pending on the Tcl event queue. The easiest way to do this is to invoke Tcl_ServiceAll at the end of each callback from the external event loop. This will ensure that all of the event sources are polled, any queued events are serviced, and any pending idle handlers are processed before returning control to the application. In addition, event sources that need to poll for events can call Tcl_SetMaxBlockTime to force the external event loop to call Tcl even if no events are available on the system event queue.
As a side effect of processing events detected in the main external event loop, Tcl may invoke Tcl_DoOneEvent to start a recursive event loop in commands like vwait. Tcl_DoOneEvent will invoke the external event loop, which will result in callbacks as described in the preceding paragraph, which will result in calls to Tcl_ServiceAll. However, in these cases it is undesirable to service events in Tcl_ServiceAll. Servicing events there is unnecessary because control will immediately return to the external event loop and hence to Tcl_DoOneEvent, which can service the events itself. Furthermore, Tcl_DoOneEvent is supposed to service only a single event, whereas Tcl_ServiceAll normally services all pending events. To handle this situation, Tcl_DoOneEvent sets a flag for Tcl_ServiceAll that causes it to return without servicing any events. This flag is called the service mode; Tcl_DoOneEvent restores it to its previous value before it returns.
In some cases, however, it may be necessary for Tcl_ServiceAll to service events even when it has been invoked from Tcl_DoOneEvent. This happens when there is yet another recursive event loop invoked via an event handler called by Tcl_DoOneEvent (such as one that is part of a native widget). In this case, Tcl_DoOneEvent may not have a chance to service events so Tcl_ServiceAll must service them all. Any recursive event loop that calls an external event loop rather than Tcl_DoOneEvent must reset the service mode so that all events get processed in Tcl_ServiceAll. This is done by invoking the Tcl_SetServiceMode procedure. If Tcl_SetServiceMode is passed TCL_SERVICE_NONE, then calls to Tcl_ServiceAll will return immediately without processing any events. If Tcl_SetServiceMode is passed TCL_SERVICE_ALL, then calls to Tcl_ServiceAll will behave normally. Tcl_SetServiceMode returns the previous value of the service mode, which should be restored when the recursive loop exits. Tcl_GetServiceMode returns the current value of the service mode.